Syllabus (ZOOLOGY)

Course Type: MAJ-1

Semester: 1

Course Code: BZOOMAJ01C

Course Title: Non-chordates and Cytogenetics

(L-P-Tu): 4-2-0

Credit: 6

Practical/Theory: Combined

Course Objective:

Learning Outcome: 1. Understand basics of classification of non-chordates. 2. Learn the diversity of habit and habitat of these species. 3. Study the functional biology of non-chordates through their body organization and its function. 4. Develop the skills to identify

Non-chordates and Cytogenetics

Theory=4 credits

Course objective: It is required to generalize about certain things and to dismiss others because the field of invertebrate biology is so extensive and runs across so many disciplinary lines that it is necessary to generalize about some topics. Classification, Structure and function were chosen as the primary focus for the curriculum that we devised for studying invertebrates so that we could establish common threads of interest. As a result, the most important objective that we have set for ourselves is to pique the students' interest in learning about the mystical world inhabited by animals that do not possess any notochords. Genetics is one of the fastest-moving fields of science, with new discoveries being made every month. The study of genetics is timely, important, and fascinating because of the many new discoveries and applications of genetics that have substantial economic and ethical implications.

Group- A:

Non-chordates

Protozoa

1. 1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to phylum (according to Levine et. al., 1981)
   2. Conjugation in Paramoecium.

Porifera

1. 1. 1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
2. Canal system in sponges

Cnidaria

1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
2. Metagenesis in Obelia

Ctenophora

1. 1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)

Platyhelminthes

1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
2. Life cycle and pathogenicity and control measures of Fasciola hepatica

Nematoda

1. 1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
   2. Life cycle, pathogenicity and control measures of Wuchereria bancrofti

Annelida

1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
2. Excretion in Annelida through nephridia.

Arthropoda

2. 1. 1. 1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
         2. Metamorphosis in Lepidopteran Insects.
3. Respiration in Arthropoda (Gills in prawn and trachea in cockroach)

Mollusca

1. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
2. Nervous system and Torsion in Gastropods

Onychophora

1. 1. General characteristics and Evolutionary significance

Echinodermata

1. 2. General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)
   3. Water-vascular system in Asteroidea

Hemichordata

General characteristics and Classification with examples up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994, 6^th Edition)

Different larval forms of Invertebrates

Group B:

Cytogenetics

Overview of Cells

Basic structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

1. Structure of Nucleus: Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore complex, Nucleolus
2. Chromatin: Euchromatin and Heterochromatin and packaging (nucleosome)

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis: Basic concept and their significance.

Mendelian Genetics and its Extension

1. Principles of inheritance, Incomplete dominance and co-dominance, Epistasis Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Pleiotropy.
2. Sex-linked, sex- influenced and sex-limited inheritance, Polygenic Inheritance.

Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosomal Mapping

1. 1. Linkage and Crossing Over, molecular basis of crossing over, Measuring Recombination frequency and linkage intensity using three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence

Sex Determination

1. Mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila
2. Sex determination in mammals
3. Dosage compensation in Drosophila & Human

Chromosomal disorder

1. 1. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome

Practical 2 Credits

Group A: Non-chordates

1. 1. 1. Identification with reason:

Protozoa: Amoeba, Euglena, Opalina, Paramecium

Porifera: Sycon, Neptune’s Cup

Cnidaria: Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Gorgonia, Metridium, Pennatula, Fungia

Platyhelminthes: Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium

Nematoda: Ascaris lumbricoides

Annelida: Aphrodite, Nereis, Sabella, Serpula, Hirudinaria

Arthropoda: Limulus, Daphnia, Balanus, Cancer, Eupagurus, Bombyx, Periplaneta

Mollusca: Chiton, Pila, Doris, Unio, Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus

Echinodermata: Pentaceros/Asterias, Ophiura, Cucumaria

Hemichordata: Balanoglossus

2. Study of digestive system and septal nephridia of earthworm

3. Mount of mouth parts and dissection of digestive system of cockroach

4. Staining/mounting of any protozoa from gut of cockroach

Group B: Cytogenetics

1. Chi-square analyses

2. Pedigree analysis of some human inherited traits

3. Preparation of temporary stained squash of onion root tip to study various stages of mitosis

4. Preparation of permanent slide to show the presence of Barr body in human female blood cells/cheek cells.

Laboratory Note Book must be prepared on day-to-day basis and should be signed by the concerned teacher immediately after the laboratory work. The Laboratory Note Book should contain all the items in the syllabus and must be submitted on the day of examination.

Reference Books:

Group A: Non-chordate

Ruppert and Barnes, R.D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology, VIII Edition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

Invertebrates by Brusca & Brusca. Second edition, 2002.

The Invertebrates: A New Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science.

Group B: Cytogenetics

Lewin’s Cells – 3rd Edition – Cassimeris/Lingappa/Plopper – Johns & Bartlett Publishers

Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V Edition. ASM Press and Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

Bruce Albert, Bray Dennis, Levis Julian, Raff Martin, Roberts Keith and Watson James (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, V Edition, Garland publishing Inc., New York and London.

Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc

Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. X Edition.

Benjamin Cummings

• Russell, P. J. (2009). Genetics- A Molecular Approach.III Edition. Benjamin Cummings
• Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin, R.C. and Carroll, S.B.