Syllabus (PHYSICS)

Course Type: ME-6

Semester: 5

Course Code: BPHSMEB35C

Course Title: Waves and Optics

(L-P-Tu): 3-1-0

Credit: 4

Practical/Theory: Theory

Course Objective: Waves and Optics

Learning Outcome: Waves and Optics

Minor - III: Waves and Optics (4 Credits)

Course Objective:

Theory (3 Credits)

Superposition of Two Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition Principle. (1) Oscillations having equal frequencies and (2) Oscillations having different frequencies (Beats). (3 Lectures)

Superposition of Two Perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and Analytical Methods. Lissajous Figures with equal an unequal frequency and their uses. (2 Lectures)

Waves Motion- General: Transverse waves on a string. Travelling and standing waves on a string. Normal Modes of a string. Group velocity, Phase velocity. Plane waves. Spherical waves, Wave intensity. (4 Lectures)

Sound: Simple harmonic motion - forced vibrations and resonance – Fourier’s Theorem - Application to saw tooth wave and square wave - Intensity and loudness of sound - Decibels - Intensity levels - musical notes - musical scale. Acoustics of buildings: Reverberation and time of reverberation - Absorption coefficient – Sabine’s formula - measurement of reverberation time - Acoustic aspects of halls and auditorium. (9 Lectures)

Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Wave front. Huygens Principle. (3 Lectures)

Interference: Interference: Division of amplitude and division of wave front. Young’s Double Slit experiment. Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: measurement of wavelength and refractive index. (9 Lectures)

Michelson’s Interferometer: Idea of form of fringes (no theory needed), Determination of wavelength, Wavelength difference, Refractive index, and Visibility of fringes. (3 Lectures)

Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction- Single slit; Double Slit. Multiple slits and Diffraction grating. Fresnel Diffraction: Half-period zones. Zone plate. Fresnel Diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit and a wire using half-period zone analysis. (7 Lectures)

Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Plane polarized light – production and analysis. Circular and elliptical polarization. (3 Lectures)

Optical Fiber: Concept of controlled propagation of light, Numerical Aperture. Step and Graded Index fibers, Single and Multiple Mode Fibers (Concept and Definition Only). (2 Lectures)

Practical (1 Credit)

List of Practicals (Any five)

1. To study Lissajous Figures
2. Familiarization with Schuster`s focusing; determination of angle of prism.
3. To determine the Refractive Index of the Material of a Prism using Sodium Light.
4. To determine Dispersive Power of the Material of a Prism using Mercury Light
5. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.
6. To determine wavelength of (a) Sodium and (b) Spectral lines of the Mercury light using plane diffraction Grating
7. To determine the Resolving Power of a Plane Diffraction Grating.

Reading References:

Theory

1. Physics of Waves and Oscillations, N K Bajaj, TMH
2. Modern Acoustics, A B Gupta, Books & Allied Pvt Ltd
3. Waves and Optics, A B Gupta, Books & Allied Pvt Ltd
4. A Textbook of Optics, N. Subramanyam, Brijlal, and M N Avadhanulu, S Chand & Co.
5. Optics, A Ghatak, McGraw Hill
6. University Physics. F.W. Sears, M.W. Zemansky & H.D. Young. Pearson

Practical

1. An Advanced Course in Practical Physics, R Chattopadhya and P C Rakshit, NCBA
2. B Sc Practical Physics, C L Arora, S Chand and Co
3. Advanced Practical Physics, B Ghosh And K. G. Mazumdar, Shreedhar Prakashani
4. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, Asia Publishing House.