Syllabus (PHYSICS)

Course Type: MAJ-2

Semester: 2

Course Code: BPHSMAJ02C

Course Title: Electricity and Magnetism

(L-P-Tu): 4-2-0

Credit: 6

Practical/Theory: Combined

Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of electricity and magnetism, covering vector integration, electric fields, electric potential, dielectric properties of matter, magnetic fields, magnetic properties of matter, electromagnetic induction, and electrical circuits. Through theoretical concepts, practical experiments, and problem-solving exercises, students will develop a strong foundation in the fundamental principles of electricity and magnetism. The course aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to analyze, predict, and apply electromagnetic phenomena in various engineering, scientific, and technological contexts of their surroundings.

Learning Outcome: On completion of the course, the student should have the following learning outcomes defined in terms of knowledge, skills and general competence: Knowledge: The student has acquired detailed knowledge of electromagnetism (electric and magnetic force and field, induction) and preliminary knowledge of electromagnetic waves. Skills: The student can solve problems with moderate mathematical complexity related to electric and magnetic force and field, electric charge, electric potential, current, voltage and resistance, capacitors. They will be expert in application of Gauss law, Faradays law, Lenz law. General competence: Enhanced ability to handle force at a distance phenomenon.

Theory:

Vector Integration

Ordinary integrals of vectors. Multiple integrals, notion of infinitesimal line, surface and volume elements. Line, surface and volume integrals of vector fields. Flux of a vector field. Gauss' divergence theorem, Green's and Stokes theorems and their applications (no rigorous proofs). (10 Lectures)

Electric Field and Electric Potential

Electric field: Electric field lines. Electric flux. Gauss’ law with applications to charge distributions with spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry. (5 Lectures)

Conservative nature of electrostatic field. Electrostatic potential. Laplace’s and Poisson equations. The Uniqueness theorem (statement only). Potential and electric field of a dipole. Force and torque on a dipole. Multipole expansion. (5 Lectures)

Electrostatic energy of system of charges. Electrostatic energy of a charged sphere. Conductors in an electrostatic Field. Surface charge and force on a conductor. Capacitance of a system of charged conductors. Parallel-plate capacitor. Capacitance of an isolated conductor. Method of images and its application to: (1) Plane infinite sheet and (2) Sphere. (10 Lectures)

Dielectric Properties of Matter

Electric field in matter. Polarization of charges. Electrical susceptibility and dielectric constant. Capacitor (parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical) filled with dielectric. Displacement vector D. Relations between E, P and D. Gauss’ law in dielectrics. (6 Lectures)

Magnetic Field

Magnetic force between current elements and definition of magnetic field B. Biot-Savart’s law and its simple applications: straight wire and circular loop. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its dipole moment (Analogy with Electric Dipole). (4 Lectures)

Ampere’s circuital law and its application to (1) infinite straight wire, (2) Infinite planar surface current, and (3) Solenoid. Properties of B: curl and divergence. Axial vector property of B and its consequences. Vector potential. Magnetic force on (1) point charge (2) current carrying wire (3) between current elements. Torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field. (4 Lectures)

Magnetic Properties of Matter

Magnetization vector (M). Magnetic Intensity (H). Magnetic Susceptibility and permeability. Relation between B, H, and M. Ferromagnetism. B-H curve, hysteresis and its applications. (3 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s law. Lenz’s law. Self-Inductance and Mutual inductance. Reciprocity theorem. Energy stored in a magnetic field. Introduction to Maxwell’s equations. Charge conservation and Displacement current. (5 Lectures)

Electrical Circuits

AC Circuits: Kirchhoff’s laws for AC circuits. Complex Reactance and Impedance. LC and CR circuits, Series LCR circuit: (1) Resonance, (2) Power dissipation and (3) Quality Factor, and (4) Band width. Parallel LCR circuit. (5 Lectures)

Network theorems

Ideal Constant-voltage and Constant-current Sources. Network theorems: Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem. Applications to DC circuits. (3 Lectures)

Laboratory Practical

General topic to be covered

Use a Multimeter for measuring

1. Resistances

2. AC and DC Voltages

3. DC Current

4. Capacitances

5. Checking electrical fuses.

List of Practical (Any six)

1. To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.

2. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer.

3. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Carey Foster’s Bridge.

4. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method.

5. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a solenoid (determine dB/dx)

6. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.

7. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum power transfer theorems.

8. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Anderson’s bridge.

9. To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its

1. Resonant frequency

2. Impedance at resonance

3. Quality factor Q

4. Band width.

10. To study the response curve of a parallel LCR circuit and determine its

1. Quality factor Q.

2. Anti- resonant frequency

Reading References

Theory

1. Electricity and Magnetism, E M Purcell and D J Morin, 3^rd Edition, McGraw-Hill

2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D J Griffiths, 4^th Edition, Cambridge University Press

3. Classical Electromagnetism, H C Verma, Bharati Bhawan

4. Elements of Electromagnetics, M N O Sadiku, Oxford University Press.

5. Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic Theory, S Mahajan and S R Choudhury, Tata McGrawHill

6. Electricity and Magnetism, J H Fewkes and J Yarwood. Vol. I, Oxford University Press.

7. Feynman Lectures, Vol. 2, R P Feynman, R B Leighton, and M Sands, Pearson.

8. Foundations of Electricity and Magnetism, B Ghosh, 5^th Edition, Books and Allied Pvt Ltd

Practical

1. Advanced Practical Physics for Students, B L Flint and H T Worsnop, Asia Publishing House

2. An Advanced Course in Practical Physics, D Chattopadhyay and P C Rakshit, NCBA

3. Advanced level Physics Practicals, M Nelson and J M Ogborn, 4^th Edition, Heinemann Educational Publishers

4. Engineering Practical Physics, S Panigrahi and B Mallick, Cengage Learning.

5. Laboratory Manual of Physics, Vol 2, M Jana, Books and Allied Pvt Ltd