Syllabus (PHYSICS)

Course Type: MAJ-5

Semester: 4

Course Code: BPHSMAJ05C

Course Title: Electronics-I

(L-P-Tu): 4-2-0

Credit: 6

Practical/Theory: Combined

Course Objective: This course will enable students to • Learn basic semiconductor physics and two terminal devices and its application. • Understand construction and characteristics of JFETs and MOSFETs and differentiate with BJT. • Demonstrate and Analyze Operational Amplifier circuits and their applications • Describe, Illustrate and Analyze Combinational Logic circuits, Simplification of Algebraic Equations using Karnaugh Maps and Quine McClusky Techniques. • Describe and Design Decoders, Encoders, Digital multiplexers, Adders and Subtractors, Binary comparators, Latches and Master-Slave Flip-Flops.

Learning Outcome: Upon completion of the Course, the students will be able to: a. Know the characteristics and utilization of various electronics components. b. Design and analyze electronic circuits for real world applications. In addition, students will also be able to design, analyze, and implement digital circuits. They will understand logic gates, Boolean algebra, and combinational and sequential circuits, gaining practical skills in building digital systems for various applications.

Theory:

Semiconductor Diodes

P and N type semiconductors. Energy Level Diagram. Conductivity and Mobility, Concept of Drift velocity. PN Junction Fabrication (Simple Idea). Barrier Formation in PN Junction Diode. Static and Dynamic Resistance. Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode. Derivation for Barrier Potential, Barrier Width and Current for Step Junction. Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode.Half-wave Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers, Calculation of Ripple Factor and Rectification Efficiency, C-filter, Clipping and Clamping Circuits, Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation. Principle and structure of (1) LEDs, (2) Photodiode and (3) Solar Cell. (11 Lectures)

Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT):

n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Characteristics of CB, CE and CC Configurations for BJT. Current gains α and β Relations between α and β. Load Line analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-point. Physical Mechanism of Current Flow. Active, Cutoff and Saturation Regions.Transistor Biasing and Stabilization Circuits. Transistor as 2-port Network. h-parameter Equivalent Circuit. (9 Lectures)

Transistor as Amplifier

Transistor as an Amplifier (CE mode), Analysis of a single-stage CE amplifier using Hybrid Model. Input and Output Impedance. Current, Voltage and Power Gains. Classification of Class A, B and C Amplifiers. Frequency response of a CE amplifier. (5 Lectures)

Field Effect transistor (FET)

Classification of various types of FETs, construction of JFET, drains characteristics, biasing, operating region, pinch-off voltage. MOSFET: construction of enhancement and depletion type, principle of operation and characteristics. Elementary ideas of CMOS and NMOS. (4 Lectures)

Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp)

Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical Op-Amp. Pin configuration of IC 741. Open-loop and Closed-loop Gain. Frequency Response. CMRR. Slew Rate and concept of Virtual ground. Applications of Op-Amps: Linear - (1) Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3) Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator, (6) Log and Anti-log amplifier, (7) Zero crossing detector. Non-linear – (1) inverting and non-inverting comparators, (2) Schmidt triggers. (9 Lectures)

Digital Circuits

Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary Numbers. Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversion. BCD, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers and their conversion to other system. AND, OR and NOT Gates (realization using Diodes and Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates and application as Parity Checkers. (5 Lectures)

Boolean algebra

De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. 1’s and 2’s complement, binary number addition, subtraction and multiplication, Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement, Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean Algebra. Fundamental Products, SOP and POS form. Idea of Minterms and Maxterms. Conversion of a Truth table into Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map. (6 Lectures)

Data processing circuits

Basic idea of Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders. Half and Full Adders. Half & Full Subtractors, 4-bit binary Adder/Subtractor. (5 Lectures)

Sequential Circuits

SR, JK, D- and T- Flip-Flops, Clocked (Level and Edge Triggered) Flip-Flops. Preset and Clear operations. Race-around conditions in JK Flip-Flop. M/S JK Flip-Flop. Excitation table, Timing diagram for different FF.

(6 Lectures)

List of Practical (Any six)

1. To study V-I characteristics of PN junction diode, Light emitting diode, and Zener diode.

2. To design the circuit for Frequency response of a CE amplifier

3. To design a bridge rectifier circuit for full wave rectification and calculation of rectification efficiency, ripple factor.

4. To design an inverting, non-inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741) for dc voltage of given gain

5. To design adder, subtractor, Integrator using Op-amp.

6. To design a switch (NOT gate) using a transistor.

7. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAND gates.

8. To design a combinational logic system for a specified Truth Table.

9. Half Adder, Full Adder and 4-bit binary Adder.

10. To build Flip-Flop (RS, Clocked RS, D-type and JK) circuits using NAND gates.

Reading References

Theory

1. Semiconductor Physics and Devices, S M Sze, Wiley.

2. Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits, C.C. Hu, Pearson.

3. Integrated Electronics, J Millman, C Halkias, and C Parikh, Tata McGraw Hill.

4. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, R L Bolysted and LNashelsky, Pearson.

5. Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J. D. Ryder, Prentice Hall.

6. Electronic Principles, A P Malvino and D J Bates, McGraw Hill.

7. Digital Fundamentals, T L Floyd, Pearson.

8. Digital Electronics, R P Jain, Tata McGraw Hill.

9. Digital Principles and Applications, A P Malvino, D P Leach and G Saha, Tata McGraw Hill.

10. Digital Electronics G K Kharate, Oxford University Press.

11. Electronics Fundamental and Application, D. Chattopadhyay and P.C. Rakshit, New Age.

12. Fundamental Principles of Electronics, B Ghosh, Books and Allied Pvt Ltd.

Practical

1. Modern Digital Electronics, R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, Mc-GrawHill.

3. Op-Amps for everyone, Mancini, NewnesPub.