Syllabus (ZOOLOGY)

Course Type: MAJ-9

Semester: 6

Course Code: BZOOMAJ09C

Course Title: Biochemistry

(L-P-Tu): 4-2-0

Credit: 6

Practical/Theory: Combined

Course Objective:

Learning Outcome: Biochemistry: Students will understand the basic and fundamental biochemistry of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They will also understand the nature, mechanism, and kinetics of enzyme action. The students are expected to learn to prepa

Biochemistry

Theory=4 credits

Course Objectives: Students in this advanced course in Biochemistry and metabolic processes will learn about thermodynamics, interplay, catalysis, how cellular reactions are possible in living systems, and how important metabolic pathways work, viz: regulation and inter-dependence of the pathways on one another, their roles in both health and disease will be studied. Enzymes, enzyme kinetics of first- and second-order processes, inhibitions, and regulators are all topics covered in the course. Biochemistry courses in undergraduate programmes expose students to advanced topics including free radicals and their roles in living systems, growth factors, and other aspects of their own biochemistry as well.

Biochemistry

Theory:

1. Basic concept of pH, normality, morality, molality, osmolality

1.1 Protein, Carbohydrates and Lipid metabolism

1.2. Proteins: Protein folding and protein stability, Ramachandran Plot, Amino acid sequencing.

1.3. Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle

1.4. Lipids: Biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol. 1.5. Amino- acid metabolism: Urea cycle.

2. Enzymology

2.1. Kinetic analysis of enzyme – Mechanism of enzyme catalysis

2.2. Regulation of enzyme activity

2.3.: Co-enzymes and Isoenzymes.

3. Growth and growth factors

3.1. Brief knowledge of growth factors and their mechanism of action in normal cell growth.

4. Bioenergetics

4.1. Thermodynamic principles and steady-state conditions of living organisms

4.2. Energy production and utilization, redox potential, electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

5. Concept of free radicals and anti-oxidants

5.1. Free radicals and antioxidants. Cytochrome p45 and other haemoproteins.

Practical:- 2 Credits

Colorimetric / Spectrophotometric estimation of Glucose, RNA, DNA and Proteins.

Demonstration of proteins separation by SDS-PAGE. (Hands on / Virtual mode of learning)

To study the enzymatic activity of Trypsin and Amylase.

Preparation of Normal. Molar and Standard solutions, Phosphate Buffers, Serial dilutions.

Determining the effects of substrate concentration and temperature on enzyme activity.

Estimation of sugars by any standard method

Reference Books:

1. Ganong, W. F.: Review of Medical physiology. Mc. Graw Hill.

2. Greenspan, F. S. and Gardener, F. G.: Basic and Clinical Endocrinology. McGraw Hill.

3. Larsen, P. R.; Krongberg, H. M.; Melmed, S. and Polonsky, K. S.: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Larsen PR, Saunders.

4. Norris, D. O.: Vertebrate Endocrinology. Academic Press.

5. Sherwood, L.: Human Physiology: From cells to systems. Thomson Brooks Cole.

6. Willmer, P. et al.: Physiological Adaptations. W. H. Freeman.

7. Schiemdt-Nielson, K.: Animal Physiology. Cambridge University Press.

8. Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. K. and Stryer, L.: Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman & Company.

9. Metzler, D. E.: Biochemistry: The Chemical reactions of living cell..Vol. 1 & 2. Academic Press.

10. Murray, R. K.; Granner, P.; Mayes A. and Rodwell, V. W.: Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill.

11. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M.: Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry. Macmillan Worth Publishers.

12. Switzer, R. L. and Garrity, L. F.: Experimental Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman & Company.

13. Voet, D.; Voet, J. G. and Pratt, C. W.: Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons.

14. Ernest Hodgson: A text book of Modern Toxicology. Wiley-Liss, New York.

15. Duffus, J.H. and Worth H.G.J.: Fundamental Toxicology. RSC publishing.

16. Klaassen, C. D.: Casarett & Daul’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. McGraw-Hill, New York.

17. Elliot, W. H. and Elliot, D. C.: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Oxford University Press.

18. Devlin, T. M.: Text Book of Biochemistry with clinical correlation, Wiley-Liss, New York.