Syllabus (ZOOLOGY)

Course Type: MAJ-8

Semester: 6

Course Code: BZOOMAJ08C

Course Title: Clinical Physiology.

(L-P-Tu): 4-2-0

Credit: 6

Practical/Theory: Combined

Course Objective:

Learning Outcome: Clinical Physiology: Students will learn about basics of histology. They will also understand the physiology of muscles, nerves, reproductive systems and bone. They will learn details of endocrinology with classification of hormones, their biosynthesis, r

Clinical Physiology.

Theory=4 credits

Course objective: Clinical Physiology is the study of life, especially how cells, tissues and organs function. It is a core and fundamental scientific discipline that underpins the health and well-being of living organisms. This paper provides a course of study in mammalian (principally human) systems and their physiology, based on the knowledge of basic physiological principles already studied in Semester II. The main objective of this paper is to expand some areas touched in Semester II and also introduce new and more complex physiological functions.

Clinical Physiology.

Tissue types

• Structure, location, classification and functions of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue; Structure and types of bones and cartilages, Ossification

Physiology of Digestion and absorption

• Anatomy of digestive system
• Digestion process and adsorption.

Physiology of Cardiovascular System

• Anatomy and histology of the heart. Properties of cardiac muscle. Origin and propagation of cardiac impulse.
• Cardiac cycle: Events. Heart sounds. Heart rate. Cardiac output: Determination by following Fick principle, factors affecting, regulation.
• Structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
• Blood pressure and its regulation and factors controlling. Baro- and chemoreceptors. Vasomotor reflexes. Measurement of blood pressure. Peculiarities of regional circulations: coronary and cerebral.

Physiology of Nervous System

• A brief outline of organization and basic functions (sensory, motor and association) of the nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system.
• Ascending tracts carrying touch, kinesthetic, temperature and pain sensations. Descending tracts: pyramidal tract and brief outline of the extra-pyramidal tracts.
• Reflex action - definition, reflex arc, classification, properties. Functions of the spinal cord. Outline of functions of brain stem.
• A brief idea of the structure, connections and functions of cerebellum. Different nuclei and functions of thalamus and hypothalamus.
• Cerebral cortex: histological structure and localization of functions.
• CSF : composition, formation, circulation and functions.
• A brief description of the organization of the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous system. Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
• A brief idea of speech, aphasia, conditioning, learning and memory. (Recommendation for reduction)

Physiology of Special Senses

• Classification of general and special senses and their receptors.
• Olfaction and Gustation: Structure of sensory organ, neural pathway of olfactory and gustatory sensation. Physiology of olfactory and gustatory sensation. Olfactory and gustatory adaptation. After-taste.
• Audition: Structure of ear, auditory pathway, mechanism of hearing.
• Vision: Structure of the eye. Histology of retina. Visual pathway. Light and dark adaptation. Elementary idea of colour vision. and colour blindness.

Physiology of Endocrine system

• Anatomy of endocrine system.
• Hormones – classification and mechanism of actions
• Hypothalamus: Basic concept of neurohormone. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and portal system. Pituitary: Histological structure, hormones, functions.
• Thyroid: Histological structure. Functions of thyroid hormones (T₄ ,T₃). Thyrocalcitonin. Hypo and hyper-active states of thyroid.
• Parathyroid: Histological structure, functions of parathyroid hormone.
• Adrenal Cortex and Medulla: Histological structure and functions of different hormones, relation of adrenal medulla with the sympathetic nervous system.
• Pancreas: Histology of islets of Langerhans. Origin and functions of pancreatic hormones.
• Endocrine diseases and disorders od Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid. Adrenal glands and pancreas.
• Elementary idea of gastrointestinal hormones.

UGZOOMJP601: Practical 2 credits

• Study of permanent slides of Mammalian skin, Cartilage, Bone, Spinal cord, Nerve cell, Pituitary, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary, Adrenal, Lungs, Kidney, Thyroid and Parathyroid
• Estimation of haemoglobin using Sahli’s haemoglobinometer
• Enumeration of red blood cells and white blood cells using haemocytometer
• Recording of simple muscle twitch with electrical stimulation (or Virtual)
• Measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer

Reading References:

Reference Books

• Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. XI Edition. Hercourt Asia PTE Ltd. W.B. Saunders Company.

• Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S. (2006). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI Edition John Wiley & sons,
• Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and adaptations Randall, Burggren and FrenchVander A, Sherman J. and Luciano D. (2014). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. XIII Edition, McGraw Hills
• Victor P. Eroschenko. (2008). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional correlations. XII Edition. Lippincott W. & Wilkins.
• Vander A, Sherman J. and Luciano D. (2014). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. XIII Edition, McGraw Hills
• Histology: A Text and Atlas. Sixth Edition. Ross &Pawlina. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Eckert Animal Physiology by David Randall and Warren Burggren. 4th edition.
• W.H.Freeman.
• Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, IX Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
• Slack JMW , Essential Developmental Biology.
• Developmental Biology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). Lewis Wolpert. (1^st Edition)